exam.warcomparisons

=Exam Review: World War I vs. World War II=

EG, ST, TG

Consider CAUSES of the Wars, IMPACT of the wars at HOME and the EFFECT of the wars both long term and short term.

 __WWI: ** __ Who benefited from the mobilization effort driving World War I?  __ WOMEN – more equality (19th Amendment) and more opportunity for jobs (temporary) AFRICAN AMERICANS – more jobs up North à great **migration** NATIVE AMERICANS – citizenship BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY – government guarantees higher prices FARMERS – Food Administration led to an agricultural income rise __ Who didn’t? __ MMIGRANTS – German Americans were targeted by Propaganda and by government laws YOUNG MEN – drafted into the army without a choice FREE THINKERS/DISSENTERS – people who questioned the war (Espionage Act/Sedition Act) CONSUMERS – higher prices __Agencies created to help run economy and industry place__: War Industries Board Food Administration National War Labor Board Railroad Administration
 * __IMPACT OF THE WARS AT HOME:

ECONOMIC:** War Manpower Commission, Office of Price Administration, Americans bought war bonds, factories made war equipment and manufactured planes and ships, large farm incomes pulled agriculture out of trough, scientists developed technology for military
 * WWII:
 * SOCIAL:** Native Americans were vital in transmitting info, African Americans got lower level jobs, women joined the forces (nurses, etc.), couples could afford to get married (couldn't during GD), tensions between races, women's jobs in gov't increased, men were drafted
 * POLITICAL:** federal gov't expanded -- managed propaganda and censorship, growth of compartmentalized bureaucracy, merger of science and the gov't

CAUSES OF WWI IN EUROPE
 * Competing imperial ambitions of European powers
 * Economic rivalries, military expansion, diplomatic maneuvering, international tension
 * Alliances  à divided continent into two opposing blocs
 * Germany, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Turkey, Bulgaria (Central Powers)
 * Serbia, Russia, France, and Britain (Allies)
 * Serbian terrorist assassinated Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian crown

IN AMERICA
 * Most believed US should not become involved in war
 * Wilson  à Proclamation of neutrality
 * Was never truly neutral, however
 * Germany always appeared as a potential rival
 * Germany victory would threaten America’s economic, political, and strategic interests
 * Wilson  à undercut US protests against British violations of American neutrality
 * Germany  à authoritarian government
 * British  à more democratic views, like the US
 * Britain painted Germany as brutal and vicious
 * Economic issues  à America had to sell war material to belligerents
 * British blocked trade with Central Powers
 * Only Allies could buy US goods
 * This, however, undermined US neutrality
 * War trade strengthened ties with allies and embittered Germany
 * Though Wilson insisted on American neutral rights, he acquiesced in British violations of those rights

CAUSES OF WWII IN EUROPE AND ASIA IN AMERICA
 * Roots of WWII found in after effects of WWI
 * Peace settlement created new nations  à eastern Europe
 * Vulnerable to aggression from Germany and Soviet Union
 * Italy and Japan  à Treaty of Versailles did not recognize them as world powers
 * Germany  à thought they’d been betrayed
 * 1930’s economic crisis
 * unemployment in every country
 * level of international trade dropped by 2/3rds
 * political instability + economic hardship  à rise of right-wing dictatorships
 * territorial expansion by military conquest
 * Japan  à thought US, Britain, and France treated them unfairly after WWI
 * Wanted to expel French, British, Dutch, and US from Asia
 * Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere – Japan would give orders, other Asians would comply
 * Rape of Nanking  à Japanese invade China and Manchuria
 * In 1933, Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany
 * US wants to avoid war
 * Many Congress acts passed to remain neutral
 * Want for neutrality  à from failed attempt of WWI to make the world safe for democracy
 * US to protect traditional spheres of interest in Latin America and the Pacific
 * US wanted to avoid becoming entangled in European conflicts
 * Though the public and Congress wanted neutrality, Roosevelt thought it better to side with Britain
 * 85% of the nation agreed only to join the war if the US was directly attacked
 * Pearl Harbor <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à December 7, 1941
 * December 8, 1941 <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à America enters WWII

Women take on new responsibilities/play new roles – start to see them in a different light Provided those who lost money during the GD with money Growth in industries Government takes control of economy Use of atomic bombs Racial discrimination/unequal treatment – short term too? Influences the thinking of the next few presidents Technological progress Europe had been “shaping” the world up until this point – now America is at the center; Europe is worn out economically and politically
 * Long-term effects of WWI and WWII:**

Nation unification/divisions Victory – soon after we fall into the Cold War International peace and cooperation– tensions were stirring with Soviet Union Europe divides – lasts for years Steady prices – during first 18 months of peace, increase in prices and labor-management strife – but then by 1948, economic expansion occurs Two main powers: US and Soviet Union – long term too?
 * Short-term effects of WWI and WWII:**


 * Ms. T's comments**: it's important to note that the challenges of mobilization are pretty similar--and that both require an expansion in the role of government--and in many ways infringements on civil liberties too---but you need to consider how long lasting these changes were---were they a //revolut//ion as Grace keeps talking about---or more short term? What can you conclude about the //process// of fighting global wars like these? what do they require from the U.S. Are there any changes that seem more permanent?